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By: Kinhomchan

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In the Western countries, the legislature goes to the parliament or the congress; Ijhe executive goes to the government, and the judiciary goes to the Supreme Court. The legislature of a country is the law-making body or institution. It is formed by a group of people who have the power to make, pass and change laws. In Britain, the legislature is the Parliament with its two Houses, which is also called the Houses of Parliament.

In other words, the Parliament is the law-making body of Britain and its supreme authority. The Parliament usually adopts a two-house system. It is a system of the national law-making body with two branches: the Upper House or the Upper Chamber, and the Lower House or the Lower Chamber. The Upper House is usually grander but smaller, less representative, and less powerful than the other. The British Upper House is called the House of Lords, while the British Lower House is called the House of Commons.

The American counterpart of the British Parliament is the Congress. In the United States, the Congress is made up of the Senate as its Upper House and the House of Representatives as its Lower House. In Britain, the House of Lords can be simply called the Lords or the House. It used to be the assembly of members of the nobility and bishops in the Parliament. It is the less powerful of the two parts of the British Parliament. The members of the House of Lords are not elected by the people. They consist of Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and the 21 next most senior diocesan bishops of the Church of England. The Lords Temporal used to be formed by: 1)#hereditary peers of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, but not including the peers of Ireland;2)#life peers created to assist the House in its judicial duties, which are Lords of Appeal or Law Lords; and 3)#other life peers. The work of the House of Lords is largely complementary to that of the House of Commons.

It includes examining and revising bills from the Commons, and discussing important matters, which the Commons cannot find time to debate. It also acts in a legal capacity as a final court of appeal. The House usually sits or meets regularly for four days a week, with an average of 150 days in the year.Since Tony Blair came to power as Prime Minister, he started a reform in 1997 on the formation of the Upper House. In 1999, he abolished 600 seats originally belonging to hereditary peers from the House of Lords. The House of Lords acts as an advisory body to the government, but nearly always passes the bills presented to it by the Commons. The bill then goes to the Sovereign and receives the Royal Assent.

After that, it becomes an Act of Parliament and is Law. The House of Lords is the final court of appeal for civil cases in Britain, and for criminal cases in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. As the House of Lords also serves as the highest court in the land, the decision made in the House cannot be changed. Lords of Appeal or Law Lords are peers in the House of Lords who sit as the highest court of appeal, including the Lord Chancellor, and any peers who have held high judicial office or have themselves been Lord Chancellor. Lord Chancellor, or Lord High Chancellor as its full title, is the chief legal officer and also a member of the Cabinet. He acts as the Speaker of the House of Lords. The House of Commons can also be called the Commons Chamber or the Chamber of Commons. It can be shortened as the Commons or the House. It is the assembly of elected representatives of the Parliament. It is the more powerful of the two parts of the British Parliament, whose members are called Members of Parliament. A Member of Parliament is a person who has been elected by the adult population of a particular town or district to represent them in the House of Commons. A Member of Parliament can be simply called an MP.The main functions of the Parliament are to pass laws; to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government; to scrutinize government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; and to debate the major issues of the day. Parliament sits at Westminster. A meeting of the Parliament is called a sitting while a series of meetings of the Parliament is called a session.

So a session is a period of time during which the Parliament regularly holds its meetings. A particular parliament is a particular period of time in which a parliament is doing its work, between two elections or between two periods of holiday. The House of Commons sits for about 175 days in the year and it is not in session during the summer months. The House has a maximum term of five years, at the end of which a general election must be held. The House meets regularly for five days each week. And each sitting officially starts from 14:30 in the afternoon to 22:00 at night from Mondays to Thursdays, and from 11:00 in the morning to 16:30 in the afternoon on Fridays. As the Commons is made up of opposing parties, all new bills must be passed by a majority vote.

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